.webp)
Likud remains the largest party, but a record result for Arab-led parties has changed the balance of power in the Knesset
Israel’s final election count has confirmed a divided parliament and no immediate path to a stable government. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s political alliance finished ahead of its opponents but secured only 53 of the 120 seats in the Knesset—eight fewer than the 61 required for a governing majority.
Netanyahu’s Likud remained the country’s largest party with 27 seats. Gadi Eisenkot’s centrist Yashar party won 21, while the wider opposition bloc received 48 seats. The Joint List and Ra’am, Israel’s two principal Arab-led groupings, secured a combined 19 seats—their strongest result to date. Final turnout reached 77.9%, with more than 5.7 million votes cast.
The result is a serious reversal for Netanyahu’s governing coalition, which previously controlled 68 seats at its peak. Yet it is not a clear victory for the opposition. Eisenkot and his allies remain 13 seats short of a majority unless they reach an agreement with at least some Arab representatives.
Three Possible Routes to Government
Netanyahu’s most direct option is to persuade opposition politicians or entire factions to join his right-wing, religious and ultra-Orthodox alliance. As Israel’s longest-serving prime minister, he has repeatedly demonstrated an ability to divide opposing coalitions. This time, however, he would need at least eight additional members—far more than a small number of individual defections.
A second possibility is an Eisenkot-led administration supported by the Arab parties. Together, the opposition bloc and Arab factions would control 67 seats. The arithmetic works, but the politics are difficult. Yashar and several of its partners campaigned on promises that they would not form a government dependent on Arab parties. Breaking those commitments could provoke resistance inside the opposition and among voters whose attitudes have hardened since the Hamas-led attack of 7 October 2023.
The third option is a broad unity government bringing Likud together with centrist or secular opposition parties. Such a coalition could command a comfortable majority, but it would require major concessions. Netanyahu might have to separate from some of his far-right and ultra-Orthodox partners, while Eisenkot and his allies would have to abandon their central campaign promise of removing Netanyahu from power.
If all three routes fail, Israel could face another election early in 2027.
Arab Voters Change the Parliamentary Arithmetic
The election’s most consequential result may be the rise of the Joint List and Ra’am from a combined 10 seats in the outgoing parliament to 19 in the new one. Their success means that neither major bloc can easily form a government while excluding the representatives of around one-fifth of Israel’s population.
This influence does not guarantee participation in government. The Joint List has indicated that it could support an alternative administration from outside the coalition, while Ra’am has previous experience as a coalition partner. In 2021, it became the first independent Arab party to join an Israeli governing alliance.
Netanyahu and members of Likud responded to the Arab parties’ result with allegations of electoral fraud and foreign interference. No evidence of systematic fraud has been established. The Central Elections Committee said that circulated claims were unfounded and would not affect the results submitted to the president. Election officials and Israel’s domestic security service also warned against placing collective suspicion on Arab citizens who voted lawfully.
What Happens Next?
The Central Elections Committee is expected to present the official results to President Isaac Herzog on 4 November. Herzog will then consult the parliamentary factions and select the candidate he believes has the best prospect of forming a government. That person does not automatically have to be the leader of the largest party.
Netanyahu will remain caretaker prime minister throughout the negotiations. If the first candidate fails, another can be given the opportunity. The process could last for weeks or even extend beyond two months. The new Knesset is scheduled to be sworn in on 10 November, regardless of whether a governing coalition has been agreed.
The eventual outcome will influence Israel’s military policy in Gaza, its confrontation with Iran, settlement activity in the West Bank and relations with the United States. It will also determine whether the country moves towards a more inclusive political arrangement or returns to the cycle of repeated elections that marked the years before Netanyahu’s previous coalition took office.
Netanyahu has retained the largest political bloc, but he has lost the parliamentary majority that sustained his government. Eisenkot has enough support to challenge him, but not enough to govern independently. Arab-led parties possess unprecedented negotiating power, yet remain politically excluded by many of the partners whose support they could make decisive.
Israel’s voters have redrawn the balance of power. The harder question is whether its political leaders can now turn that result into a government.